Mukbang, BJs, and Star Balloons: How Korean Streaming Took Shape
From AfreecaTV’s Personal Broadcasts to SOOP and Chzzk After Twitch’s Exit

Livestreaming is everywhere now, and chat, donations, and fandoms are familiar around the world. In Korea, however, those habits took shape early through words like mukbang, BJs, and Star Balloons. Follow those words, and you can trace the path of Korean streaming culture.
Why Did Eating Become a Broadcast?
Mukbang (먹방) is short for meongneun bangsong, or “eating broadcast.” The idea is simple: one person eats, and someone else watches.
Content centered on people eating was not unique to Korea. Food programs had long been part of television, and cooking videos were common online. But the mukbang that took hold on AfreecaTV in the late 2000s was slightly different. Rather than teaching a recipe or introducing a restaurant, it was closer to a personal broadcast in which one person ate in front of a camera while talking with viewers in real time.
Early mukbang was not elaborate. Broadcasters ate in their rooms or other small spaces. Viewers left comments in the chat such as “That looks delicious,” “Where did you buy that?” and “Take an even bigger bite.” The broadcaster read the messages and answered. Food was on the screen, but chat and conversation were what drove the broadcast.
Mukbang later became known by the same name in English-speaking countries. When Twitch introduced a category for streaming while eating in 2016, it referred to Korea’s mukbang culture. The more interesting question lies elsewhere: why did this kind of broadcast take root so early in Korea?
Personal Broadcasting Beyond the Studio
AfreecaTV provided the backdrop. The service is now called SOOP, but for years AfreecaTV was the name most closely associated with personal internet broadcasting in Korea.
AfreecaTV’s predecessor was a pilot service called “W,” launched in 2005. In March 2006, the service officially launched under the name “Afreeca.” The name did not simply refer to the continent of Africa. The company explained that afreeca came from “a free casting,” meaning that anyone could broadcast freely.
Today, anyone can start a livestream with a phone. In the mid-2000s, things were different. The very idea of an individual broadcasting live felt unfamiliar. Broadcasting seemed like the work of television stations, cameras, and studios.
AfreecaTV lowered that barrier. With a webcam, users could show their faces, or they could stream their computer screens directly. They could talk while gaming, sing, teach, discuss the news, or eat a meal. Viewers chatted alongside them.
By that measure, AfreecaTV was one of the world’s earliest mass-market platforms for personal broadcasting. It is difficult to declare it the “world’s first” when considering livestreaming technology as a whole. Webcam and live video services existed elsewhere around the same time. Even so, as a platform where everyday users could easily go live, viewers could participate through chat, and fan and donation cultures could develop, it came close to being the first of its kind.
The environment also helped the service take off quickly in Korea. The country had fast internet and a strong culture of PC bangs (PC방), or gaming cafés. Many people were already used to chatting while playing online games. AfreecaTV built on that foundation and spread the idea that “I can broadcast too.”
Before Streamers, There Were BJs
Today, someone who goes live is usually called a streamer. The word is now familiar in Korea as well. For a long time, however, the more familiar title in Korean internet broadcasting was BJ, a platform term for a livestream host.
BJ is generally explained as short for Broadcasting Jockey. The term resembles DJ. DJ stands for Disc Jockey, a person who plays music and guides the mood. People who presented videos were once called VJs, or Video Jockeys. Following that pattern, the people leading internet broadcasts came to be known as BJs.
There is another explanation. In early internet broadcasting, a broadcast space felt like a room. In Korean, bang (방) means “room.” Online spaces are often described with the word bang, as in chat room, game room, and broadcast room. The person who creates or manages that room is called the bangjang (방장), or room host.
Some people therefore say that BJ was first used with bangjang in mind and was only later defined as Broadcasting Jockey. It is difficult to say which account is the definitive origin. Yet the two explanations sit comfortably together. A BJ both led a broadcast and opened a room of their own to welcome people in.
The word captures the feel of Korean internet broadcasting at the time. A broadcaster was less the host of a vast channel than the owner of their own room. Viewers entered that room, struck up conversations, made jokes, and sometimes shaped the flow of the broadcast. Before the Twitch-style term streamer became widespread, Korean internet broadcasting already had the title BJ.
The Job Star Balloons Made Possible
Any account of AfreecaTV has to include Star Balloons (별풍선), paid virtual gifts that viewers send to BJs. They look like presents on the screen, but they are tied to real money.
Sending money directly to streamers is now common on platforms around the world, under names such as subscriptions, donations, and Super Chats. What stands out in Korea is how early this culture of direct support took shape around a system called Star Balloons.
Introduced in 2007, Star Balloons became AfreecaTV’s signature form of viewer support. When a viewer sent one, the BJ would say the viewer’s name and offer thanks. Sometimes the BJ sang, danced, or responded with a set phrase or action. In Korean internet broadcasting, these responses are often called “reactions.”
Star Balloons became more than a payment method. They could change the mood of a broadcast. Chat gave viewers a voice; Star Balloons made that voice louder. Broadcasters gained income, while viewers gained a way to leave their mark on the stream.
There was a downside as well. As donation amounts grew, concerns arose over excessive spending, and some broadcasters produced more provocative streams in pursuit of larger donations. This is one reason controversies around personal broadcasting have repeatedly surfaced in Korean society.
Even so, the change Star Balloons brought was significant. They allowed BJs to move from broadcasting as a hobby to working as professional broadcasters. Korea’s personal broadcasting scene grew not only through advertising but also through direct support from viewers.
Daedoseogwan and the Road Beyond a Single Platform
By the 2010s, Korean internet broadcasting was no longer confined to AfreecaTV. YouTube grew, and creators began to think of livestreams and edited videos as separate formats.
YouTube was not the center of Korean livestreaming from the outset. Its strength lay instead in edited video. Creators could cut the most entertaining moments from a long livestream and upload them, while the algorithm brought in new viewers. Even people who had missed the live broadcast could discover a creator later through a video.
One event that came to symbolize this shift was the 2016 departure of Daedoseogwan (대도서관) and Yumdaeng (윰댕) from AfreecaTV. Daedoseogwan was one of the leading figures in Korea’s personal broadcasting scene at the time. He hosted gaming streams in an easygoing style and built a large following without using a provocative tone.
After objecting to a suspension imposed by AfreecaTV and to the way the platform was run, he moved to YouTube. The episode was more than a famous BJ switching platforms. It showed that a broadcaster with their own content and fanbase could move beyond the platform itself.
After that, internet broadcasters began to think more strategically about where to go live. Livestreaming platforms, YouTube channels, advertising, fandoms, and edited videos operated separately but remained connected. Personal broadcasting began to change from an activity within one platform into a profession spanning several platforms.
The Word Twitch Left Behind: Streamer
Twitch left a deep mark on Korean game-streaming culture. To younger gaming viewers, it felt different from AfreecaTV. International gaming culture, subscriptions, emotes, chat memes, and esports broadcasts all arrived together.
The word that spread widely in Korea during this period was streamer. It was already used in English-speaking countries, but in Korea it became more familiar as Twitch grew. For a time, people on AfreecaTV might be called BJs, while those on Twitch were called streamers.
The difference was more than vocabulary. The term BJ carried associations with AfreecaTV’s personal broadcasts, Star Balloons, “broadcast stations,” and reaction culture. The term streamer carried associations with Twitch’s game streams, subscriptions, emotes, and the atmosphere of a global platform. The two cultures were never completely separate, but they felt different.
Then Twitch ended its Korean operations on February 27, 2024. The early 2020s had already brought limits on video quality and the end of VOD service, and Twitch said its operating costs in Korea were too high. When it left, countless streamers and viewers had to choose a new platform.
Some went to YouTube, others to SOOP, and many moved to Chzzk, the platform created by Naver. Twitch left Korea, but the word streamer and Twitch-style user culture remained in the Korean market.
How SOOP and Chzzk Split the Field
Chzzk entered beta in late 2023 and officially launched in May 2024. Naver developed it as a game-streaming platform. It was designed to feel familiar to viewers accustomed to Twitch, while also emphasizing its ability to connect with Naver’s other services.
Around the same time, AfreecaTV adopted the name SOOP. After rebranding in 2024, it began referring to BJs as streamers and broadcast stations as channels. The name Star Balloon, however, remained.
This landscape says a great deal about Korean streaming today. SOOP carries forward a culture of viewer support and longstanding fandoms dating back to the AfreecaTV era. Chzzk has grown on the strength of post-Twitch gaming audiences and the reach of Naver’s services. Both use the familiar format of livestreaming, but in Korea they carry different histories into the same market.
The competition between SOOP and Chzzk cannot be explained only by asking, “Which company will win?” It is part of a broader process in which an older personal broadcasting culture and a post-Twitch streaming culture are finding new places in Korea.
What Comes Next
Today’s streaming platforms do not stop at the live broadcast itself. Virtual streamers, esports watch parties, short clips, and commerce are emerging as the next stage.
Virtual streamers broadcast through virtual characters or avatars instead of showing their real faces. VTuber and virtual idol fandoms are growing in Korea as well. In this culture, broadcasting, music, fan art, concerts, and merchandise all move together.
Esports and sports broadcasts are also hard for platforms to ignore. Watching a match alone feels different from watching it with a favorite streamer’s broadcast playing alongside it. In watch-party streams, the event’s fanbase and the streamer’s fandom naturally overlap.
Short clips have become important too. Livestreams are long. For people who cannot watch for hours, a clip of one entertaining moment becomes an entry point. Commerce—the buying and selling of products—is growing as well. Streamers sell merchandise and introduce products during broadcasts. Fans open their wallets as a way of showing support.
This trend is not a Korean invention. Virtual streamers, watch parties, clips, and commerce are already growing in many countries. In Korea, however, they are being reshaped by the history of personal broadcasting since AfreecaTV, the platform competition that followed Twitch’s exit, and the strategies of Naver and SOOP.
As with mukbang, BJs, and Star Balloons, the next phase of streaming may produce new words and habits of its own.
Same Features, Different Histories
It would be hard to call Korean streaming culture a world entirely separate from streaming elsewhere. Livestreams, chat, donations, fandoms, and clips are now everywhere. Nor were Korean platforms alone in creating these cultures.
Yet the same features develop different histories depending on where they first take root, what they are called, and which platforms they grow within. In Korea, these features took shape early alongside AfreecaTV’s personal broadcasts, the title BJ, the paid gifts known as Star Balloons, and the genre of mukbang.
To understand Korean streaming is not to claim that Korea alone is special. It is more about tracing the words, systems, and events through which the same livestreaming culture grew into its current form in Korea.
Go back to the beginning. Someone is eating in front of a screen. A viewer says something in chat, and the broadcaster answers. The scene itself is no longer unfamiliar. In Korea, however, it acquired the name mukbang, gave rise to the BJ, and created a donation culture built around Star Balloons.
That difference is the heart of Korean streaming culture.
- Park Hanbin